3/22/2016
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1.Thank everyone for coming.
2.Ok to ask questions any time.
3.Will try to answer questions to best of my current knowledge.
4.I will be asking the viewers questions so pay attention to the content.
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Trivia? What is this Iconic building in the background called?
Hint: It’s the “building” where the Apollo and Shuttle program vehicles were “assembled” “vertically”. – VAB
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Crowd Question:
1.What is a good rocket example of a liquid fuel rocket engine?
2.What is a good rocket example of a solid fuel rocket engine?
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Remember to explain MAX Q to the crowd. Metioned “Go for throttle UP”.
Talk about chill down of the fuel, lines and tanks and continual top off all the way up to launch.
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Each Shuttle SRB would burn for a total of 127 seconds during a launch before separation.
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Also add that Helium tanks are used to pre-pressurize the fuel/oxidizer tanks up to flight pressure as it does not add weight and does not mix easily into other chemicals, likes to stay chemically separated.
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Crowd Question:
1.Which Shuttle crashed due to an SRB Failure?
2.Named after this Museum.
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Skylab
Launched May, 1973
Lost 1 of 2 solar panels during ascent
And its micrometeoroid shield and sunshade failed to deploy correctly.
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Crowd Questions:
1. Why is plutonium so rare and expensive? – Mostly Man-Made, very rare in nature. Produced with a short half-life from Uranium reactions in reactors or uranium explosions.
2. What is another useful side effect of the heat from an RTG for probes far from the sun?
3. What well known Mar’s rover and What well known Space Probe use RTGS? (Next Slide for Answer)
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Light/Radio time Roundtrips:
Curiosity - 13m:48s  (Explain 7 minutes of terror landing and where I was)
Voyager 2 – Almost 32 hours
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The Voyager spacecraft use a 23-watt radio transmitter. This is far higher than the 3 watts a typical cell phone uses for comparison.
That signal, produced by a 23-watt radio transmitter, is so faint that the amount of power reaching Earth antennas is 20 billion times smaller than the power of a digital watch battery.
That’s: 0.00000000115 of a Watt
How do we receive such a weak signal from the edge/outside our solar system from Voyager:
-Directional antennas that point right at each other
-Radio frequencies without a lot of man-made interference on them
-Very large antennas
The Voyager satellites are also transmitting in the 8 GHz range, and there is not a lot of interference compared to other more commonly used frequencies.
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On Apollo flights, the ship would continually perform a very slow roll in respect to the sun to slowly bake and cool sections of the spacecraft. If it hadn’t, one side of the spacecraft would stretch and the other would shrink to such a degree, cracks/leaks could form, causing a rupture of the hull and exposing the astronauts to the vacuum of space..
Sun Radiation - This caused what was a mystery during the early space flights where astro/cosmo-nauts would report seeing flashes of light in the space craft. These high energy particles travel through the spacecraft skin, into our water filled eyeballs, and register to us as a flash of light when it interacts with the water particles within.
Explain Each Picture
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1.Thank everyone for coming.
2.Ok to ask questions any time.
3.Will try to answer questions to best of my current knowledge.
4.I will be asking the viewers questions so pay attention to the content.
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4800 m/s, but start lower and allow crowd to guess for a little while.
Newton’s First Law of motion: Every object will stay in motion till acted upon by an external force.
What exactly does this cannon experiment explain? Firstly, the cannon ball is not exactly weightless in orbit, but in what we call “Microgravity”. There is still a small, but obvious gravitational effect keeping the ball in orbit.
Food for thought: The ISS (International Space Station) for example orbits at an average speed of 17,100 mph. It averages an altitude of 420km to 423km and orbits the entire Earth every 98.87 minutes. Think about that next time you travel by plane somewhere and can’t wait to land.
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Explain Max-Q, Go for Powerup, MECO.
Also a serious of call outs for aborts, including return to runway.
Don’t have time to play a full launch or audio, but listen at home it your curious for each call.
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Stage Weights (wet):
1st(Bottom): 5,100,000 (wet) or 289,000 (dry)
2nd:  1,060,000 (wet) or 80,000 (dry)
3rd:   262,000 (wet) or 23,000 (dry)
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Crowd Question:
1.What’s a good use for GSO orbit?
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Crowd Question:
1.What sort of burn would I use to decrease my orbiting altitude, if the current diagram is “Pro-grade Burns”
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Crowd Questions:
Most re-entries are planned but give me an example of an unplanned or uncontrolled re-entry?
Example: Others can occur when a broken satellite eventually gets to a lower and lower orbit by a mix tidal forces and charged solar wind creating a retrograde pressure over time on the solar panels.
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•The tiles are so fragile that they can be easily  crushed by the strength of a human hand.
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•The tiles would vary between 1 to 5 inches.
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•Each tile can  absorb at least 1300 °F of heat.
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The benefits include a much more compact space craft and reduced weight penalties of a larger static heat shield construction.
Due to its large surface area it can benefit from the high drag and will not reach higher re-entry temperatures.
Crowd Question:
1.What would be an ideal application for this re-entry tech be? – Rover Landers, lower weight, less fuel, more equipment.
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Crowd Question:
What are some other examples of up and downsides to each?
Parachute -> Non-Guided
Runway -> Including the gear system, wings, ailerons, rudders, brakes, etc. Having so many systems also creates many avenues for a serious system failure.
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Gene Kranz’s speech given to flight control 3 days after the Apollo 1 fire.
“From this day forward, Flight Control will be known by two words: Tough  and Competent. Tough means we are forever accountable for what we do or what we fail to do. We will never again compromise our responsibilities... Competent  means we will never take anything for granted... Mission Control will be perfect. When you leave this meeting today you will go to your office and the first thing you will do there is to write Tough and Competent on your blackboards. It will never be erased. Each day when you enter the room, these words will remind you of the price paid by Grissom, White, and Chaffee. These words are the price of admission to the ranks of Mission Control.”
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Fixes:
1,407 wiring problems were corrected.
Flammable materials in the cabin were replaced with self-extinguishing versions.
Plumbing and wiring were covered with protective insulation
The cabin atmosphere at launch was changed to 60% oxygen and 40% nitrogen at sea-level pressure
Hatch was also re-designed to open outward rather than inward. During a fire, an inward opening hatch wont work with combustion gases rising pressure. Why its harder to open a soda can/bottle when its been shaken vigorously.
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Gus Grissom – Interview Dec 1966. Asked if he though space travel was to risky for humans.
“No, you sort of have to put that out of your mind. There's always a possibility that you can have a catastrophic failure, of course. This can happen on any flight. It can happen on the last one as well as the first one. You just plan as best you can to take care of all these eventualities, and you get a well-trained crew, and you go fly.“
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The root cause of the disaster was when a O-Ring that was located at a connecting joint to the main external fuel tank (the large orange tank the shuttle is attached to, burned through to the outside of the SRB casing, burning a hole directly into the External Tank and when this hole created a structural failure of the tank at great aerodynamic stress during the launch phase, it basically caused the tank to crush inwards and release the oxidizer and fuel inside. When this large of amount of flammable mixture then reached the ignition source of the burning rocket engines, it exploded.
All 7 crew members died during the disaster.
The Shuttle did not explode itself, rather it broke up due to aerodynamic instability when srb’s seperated.
Crew was believed to be alive, but unconscious when crew cabin impacted water at over 200mph.
Crew was unconscious due to sudden loss of cabin pressure at high altitude, like when the oxygen masks deploy on airliners, for that very reason.
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Charles Bolden – Current NASA administrator and 2-shuttle missions astronaut -  always thought the wing was impenetrable to foam, only to find that the section of wing the foam hit was weaker than fiberglass. The location of the foam strike to the wing was only fractions of an inch thick.
Again, the engineers tried to warn there was an issue, only to be overridden. – Explain Surveillance Satellite assets. NRO, etc.
New policies for post launch orbiting imaging was put into place to check for damage after each launch. Full Flip in front of ISS windows.
Tire Pressure Low Indicator then loss of Comm’s shortly after.
Radar Image over Houston.
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Crowd Questions:
1. Name a few more technologies that we can thank the space program for.
Technologies:
Satellite TV
High Definition TV (used on mars imager originally in the gigapixel range)
Advanced X-Ray Technology
Food Preservation
Faster Computers
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